Chickpea Salad Cups

It was one of those rushed weeknights, the kind where the fridge seemed to be staring back at me, daring me to create a meal out of its seemingly disparate contents. I needed something quick, healthy, and most importantly, something the whole family would actually eat without the usual dinnertime negotiations. That’s when my eyes landed on a can of chickpeas, and an idea sparked. Chickpea salad, but not just any chickpea salad – a vibrant, flavorful version served in crisp, refreshing cups. The result? A resounding success! Even my picky eater, who usually eyes anything remotely “salad-y” with suspicion, devoured these Chickpea Salad Cups. The creamy, tangy chickpea mixture, bursting with fresh herbs and a hint of zesty lemon, nestled perfectly in cool lettuce cups. It was light yet satisfying, and the textural contrast between the smooth salad and the crunchy lettuce was simply delightful. Since that first impromptu dinner, these Chickpea Salad Cups have become a regular in our rotation. They are perfect for a light lunch, a healthy snack, or even a fun appetizer for gatherings. They’re incredibly versatile, easy to customize, and always a crowd-pleaser. Trust me, once you try this recipe, you’ll find yourself reaching for that can of chickpeas more often than you ever thought possible!

Ingredients for Delicious Chickpea Salad Cups

Crafting the perfect Chickpea Salad Cup starts with selecting the right ingredients. Each component plays a crucial role in building flavor and texture. Here’s a breakdown of what you’ll need, along with some helpful notes to ensure your salad is a masterpiece:

• Chickpeas (1 can, 15 ounces, drained and rinsed): The star of the show! Chickpeas, also known as garbanzo beans, provide a creamy base and a boost of plant-based protein and fiber. Ensure you drain and rinse them thoroughly to remove any excess sodium and canned flavor. For an even smoother salad, you can gently peel off the skins after rinsing, although this is optional. Using canned chickpeas is incredibly convenient and speeds up the preparation process. If you prefer to cook your own chickpeas from dried, you’ll need about ½ cup of dried chickpeas, which will yield approximately 1 ½ cups cooked. Remember to soak dried chickpeas overnight and then cook them until tender before using in this recipe. The texture of canned chickpeas is ideal for this salad, offering the perfect balance of creaminess and slight firmness when mashed.
• Mayonnaise (½ cup): Mayonnaise provides the creamy binding element that holds the chickpea salad together and adds richness. For a classic flavor, use a full-fat mayonnaise. If you’re looking for a lighter option, you can use light mayonnaise or even a plant-based mayonnaise to keep the recipe vegan. Vegan mayonnaise options have come a long way and can deliver a very similar creamy texture and taste. Experiment with different brands to find your favorite. If you are not a fan of mayonnaise at all, you can substitute with Greek yogurt for a tangier, lower-fat option. However, be aware that Greek yogurt will result in a slightly different flavor profile and may need additional seasoning. Another alternative is avocado. Mashed avocado can provide creaminess and healthy fats, but it will also impart an avocado flavor to the salad.
• Celery (½ cup, finely diced): Celery contributes a refreshing crunch and subtle savory flavor to the salad. Finely dicing the celery ensures it integrates well into the salad and provides a pleasant textural contrast without being overpowering. Choose crisp celery stalks for the best texture. If you don’t have celery on hand, or are not a fan, you can substitute with finely diced cucumber or bell pepper for a similar crunch. Red bell pepper will add a touch of sweetness, while green bell pepper will have a slightly more bitter note.
• Red Onion (¼ cup, finely diced): Red onion adds a pungent bite and a touch of sweetness, enhancing the overall flavor complexity of the salad. Finely dicing the red onion is crucial to prevent it from being too overpowering. If you find red onion too strong, you can soak the diced onion in cold water for 10-15 minutes to mellow out its sharpness. Alternatively, you can use shallots or green onions for a milder onion flavor. Shallots offer a slightly sweeter and more delicate flavor, while green onions provide a milder, fresher onion taste.
• Fresh Parsley (¼ cup, chopped): Fresh parsley brings a bright, herbaceous note and a vibrant green color to the salad. Italian flat-leaf parsley is generally preferred for its robust flavor, but curly parsley can also be used. Ensure you chop the parsley finely so it disperses evenly throughout the salad. If you don’t have fresh parsley, you can substitute with other fresh herbs like dill, chives, or cilantro, depending on your flavor preferences. Dill will add a fresh, slightly tangy flavor, chives offer a mild oniony taste, and cilantro will introduce a zesty, citrusy note.
• Lemon Juice (1 tablespoon, fresh): Fresh lemon juice adds a crucial element of acidity and brightness that balances the richness of the mayonnaise and chickpeas. Freshly squeezed lemon juice is always preferred for its superior flavor compared to bottled lemon juice. The acidity not only enhances the taste but also helps to prevent the avocado (if used) from browning. If you don’t have fresh lemons, you can use bottled lemon juice, but try to use it sparingly as it can sometimes be more acidic. Lime juice can also be used as a substitute for lemon juice, offering a slightly different citrus profile.
• Dijon Mustard (1 teaspoon): Dijon mustard adds a subtle tang and depth of flavor to the salad. It complements the lemon juice and enhances the savory notes. Dijon mustard has a distinct, slightly spicy flavor that elevates the overall taste. If you don’t have Dijon mustard, you can use yellow mustard, but it will have a milder flavor. Stone-ground mustard can also be used for a more textured and robust flavor.
• Salt and Black Pepper (to taste): Seasoning is key to bringing all the flavors together. Salt enhances the savory notes and balances the acidity, while black pepper adds a touch of spice. Start with a pinch of salt and pepper and then taste and adjust as needed. Remember that different types of salt have varying levels of saltiness, so adjust accordingly. Freshly ground black pepper is always preferred for its superior flavor and aroma compared to pre-ground pepper.
• Optional additions (for extra flavor and texture):
  • Garlic powder or fresh garlic (½ teaspoon garlic powder or 1 clove minced): Garlic adds a savory depth and aroma to the salad. Garlic powder is convenient, while fresh minced garlic offers a more pungent and robust flavor. Start with a small amount and adjust to your preference.
  • Curry powder (½ teaspoon): For a warm, aromatic twist, add a pinch of curry powder. Curry powder adds a complex blend of spices that complements the chickpeas beautifully. Start with a small amount and taste as you go, as curry powder can be quite potent.
  • Smoked paprika (¼ teaspoon): Smoked paprika adds a smoky depth and subtle sweetness to the salad. It pairs well with the chickpeas and other savory flavors. A little goes a long way, so start with a small amount and adjust to your liking.
  • Red pepper flakes (pinch): For a touch of heat, add a pinch of red pepper flakes. Red pepper flakes provide a subtle kick that balances the creaminess of the salad. Adjust the amount to your spice preference.
  • Chopped dill pickles or capers (2 tablespoons): For a tangy and briny flavor, add chopped dill pickles or capers. These additions will provide a contrasting flavor and texture that elevates the salad. Finely chop the pickles or capers before adding them to the salad.
  • Sunflower seeds or chopped walnuts (2 tablespoons): For added crunch and nutty flavor, stir in sunflower seeds or chopped walnuts. These additions will provide a textural contrast and boost the nutritional value of the salad. Toasted nuts or seeds will have a more intense flavor.
  • Avocado (½ avocado, diced): For extra creaminess and healthy fats, add diced avocado. Avocado will make the salad even richer and more decadent. Add the avocado just before serving to prevent browning.
• Lettuce Cups (butter lettuce, romaine lettuce, or endive spears): These will serve as your edible “cups” for the chickpea salad. Butter lettuce is soft and delicate, romaine lettuce offers a sturdier and crunchier cup, and endive spears provide a slightly bitter and elegant option. Choose lettuce leaves that are large enough to hold a generous spoonful of chickpea salad and sturdy enough to maintain their shape. Wash and dry the lettuce leaves thoroughly before using them as cups.

Instructions: Making Perfect Chickpea Salad Cups

Creating these delightful Chickpea Salad Cups is incredibly simple and quick. Follow these step-by-step instructions to bring this recipe to life:

1. Prepare the Chickpeas: Begin by draining and rinsing the canned chickpeas in a colander under cold running water. Rinsing removes excess sodium and any starchy liquid from the can. Once rinsed, transfer the chickpeas to a large mixing bowl.
2. Mash the Chickpeas: Using a fork or a potato masher, coarsely mash the chickpeas in the bowl. You don’t want to completely puree them; aim for a chunky texture with some chickpeas still slightly whole. This texture is key to the satisfying mouthfeel of the salad. If you prefer a smoother salad, you can mash them more thoroughly, or even pulse them briefly in a food processor, but be careful not to over-process into a paste.
3. Add the Vegetables and Herbs: To the bowl of mashed chickpeas, add the finely diced celery, finely diced red onion, and chopped fresh parsley. Ensure the vegetables are diced finely so they distribute evenly throughout the salad and provide a pleasant texture without being overpowering. These fresh ingredients contribute crucial flavor and crunch to the chickpea salad.
4. Incorporate the Wet Ingredients and Seasonings: Now, add the mayonnaise, fresh lemon juice, and Dijon mustard to the bowl. These wet ingredients will bind the salad together and add richness, tang, and depth of flavor. Season generously with salt and black pepper. Start with a pinch of each and then adjust to taste as needed. Remember that you can always add more seasoning, but it’s harder to take it away.
5. Mix Thoroughly: Using a spoon or spatula, gently mix all the ingredients together until they are well combined. Be careful not to overmix, as this can make the salad too mushy. You want to maintain some of the chunky texture from the mashed chickpeas. Taste the salad at this point and adjust the seasoning as needed. You might want to add more salt, pepper, lemon juice, or Dijon mustard to achieve your desired flavor profile. Consider adding any of the optional ingredients at this stage, such as garlic powder, curry powder, smoked paprika, red pepper flakes, chopped pickles, capers, sunflower seeds, or walnuts, depending on your preferences.
6. Chill (Optional but Recommended): For the best flavor and texture, cover the bowl of chickpea salad with plastic wrap or an airtight lid and refrigerate for at least 30 minutes, or up to a few hours. Chilling allows the flavors to meld together and the salad to firm up slightly, making it easier to scoop into lettuce cups. While chilling is optional, it significantly enhances the overall taste and is highly recommended, especially if you are preparing the salad in advance.
7. Prepare the Lettuce Cups: While the chickpea salad is chilling (or if you choose not to chill it), prepare your lettuce cups. Wash and dry your chosen lettuce leaves (butter lettuce, romaine lettuce, or endive spears) thoroughly. Gently separate the leaves and select the largest, most intact leaves to use as cups. If using romaine lettuce, you can cut off the thicker bottom part of the leaves to make them easier to fold into cups. Arrange the lettuce cups on a serving platter or individual plates.
8. Assemble the Chickpea Salad Cups: Once the chickpea salad is chilled and the lettuce cups are ready, it’s time to assemble. Using a spoon or small ice cream scoop, spoon a generous amount of chickpea salad into each lettuce cup. Be careful not to overfill the cups, as this can make them difficult to handle. Aim for a portion size that is easy to eat in a few bites.
9. Garnish (Optional): For an extra touch of visual appeal and flavor, you can garnish the Chickpea Salad Cups. Consider garnishing with a sprinkle of extra chopped fresh parsley, a few red pepper flakes, a drizzle of olive oil, or a sprinkle of smoked paprika. These garnishes not only enhance the presentation but also add a final burst of flavor.
10. Serve and Enjoy: Serve the Chickpea Salad Cups immediately and enjoy! They are best served fresh to maintain the crispness of the lettuce and the optimal texture of the salad. If you have any leftover chickpea salad, store it in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to 3 days. However, it’s best to store the salad and lettuce cups separately and assemble them just before serving to prevent the lettuce from wilting.

Nutrition Facts: A Healthy and Delicious Choice

Chickpea Salad Cups are not only delicious but also packed with nutritional benefits. Here’s an estimated nutritional breakdown per serving (approximately ½ cup of chickpea salad, excluding lettuce cup, as nutritional value of lettuce is negligible):

(Please note: Nutritional values are estimates and can vary based on specific ingredients and brands used.)

• Serving Size: Approximately ½ cup chickpea salad (recipe makes about 6 servings)
• Calories per Serving: Approximately 250-300 calories

Approximate Macronutrient Breakdown per Serving:

• Protein: 8-10 grams: Chickpeas are a great source of plant-based protein, essential for muscle building and repair, as well as overall satiety.
• Fat: 18-22 grams: Primarily from mayonnaise and chickpeas. The type of fat will depend on the mayonnaise used (full-fat, light, or vegan). Chickpeas also contain healthy unsaturated fats.
• Carbohydrates: 15-20 grams: Primarily from chickpeas and vegetables. Chickpeas are a good source of complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber.
• Fiber: 5-7 grams: Chickpeas are rich in dietary fiber, which aids in digestion, promotes satiety, and helps regulate blood sugar levels.

Other Notable Nutrients:

• Vitamins: Chickpeas are a good source of folate and various B vitamins. Vegetables like celery and onion contribute vitamins C and K.
• Minerals: Chickpeas provide iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium.
• Antioxidants: Parsley and red onion are sources of antioxidants, which help protect cells from damage.

Health Benefits:

• Plant-Based Protein Source: Excellent for vegetarians and vegans, and anyone looking to incorporate more plant-based protein into their diet.
• High in Fiber: Promotes digestive health, satiety, and stable blood sugar levels.
• Source of Healthy Fats: Provides healthy fats from mayonnaise and chickpeas, which are important for heart health and overall well-being (especially if using olive oil based mayonnaise or avocado).
• Nutrient-Rich: Packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
• Relatively Low in Calories: A satisfying and nutritious meal or snack option that is relatively low in calories compared to many other creamy salads.

To further reduce calories and fat:

• Use light or vegan mayonnaise.
• Substitute some of the mayonnaise with Greek yogurt or mashed avocado.
• Increase the amount of vegetables and herbs.

Chickpea Salad Cups are a healthy and delicious way to enjoy a flavorful and satisfying meal or snack. They offer a good balance of macronutrients and are packed with beneficial vitamins, minerals, and fiber.

Preparation Time: Quick and Easy

One of the greatest advantages of Chickpea Salad Cups is their speed and ease of preparation. This recipe is perfect for busy weeknights, quick lunches, or last-minute gatherings.

• Prep Time: 15-20 minutes: This includes the time to drain and rinse the chickpeas, chop the vegetables and herbs, mash the chickpeas, and mix all the ingredients together. The chopping is the most time-consuming part, but if you have basic knife skills, it goes quickly.
• Chill Time (Optional): 30 minutes to a few hours: While chilling is not strictly necessary, it is highly recommended to allow the flavors to meld and the salad to firm up. This chilling time is passive, meaning you don’t need to be actively working on the recipe during this period.
• Total Time (without chilling): 15-20 minutes
• Total Time (with chilling): 45 minutes to a few hours (mostly passive time)

Tips to Speed Up Preparation:

• Use a food processor for chopping: If you have a food processor with a chopping attachment, you can use it to quickly dice the celery and red onion. Be careful not to over-process them into a puree.
• Pre-chop vegetables: If you know you’ll be making this recipe during the week, you can pre-chop the celery and red onion on the weekend and store them in airtight containers in the refrigerator.
• Use pre-chopped parsley: While fresh herbs are always best, you can use pre-chopped parsley from the grocery store to save a few minutes.
• Keep it simple: If you are really short on time, you can simplify the recipe by using fewer vegetables or skipping optional additions. Even a basic chickpea salad with just mayonnaise, lemon juice, salt, and pepper is still delicious.

Chickpea Salad Cups are a fantastic option when you need a healthy, flavorful, and satisfying meal or snack in a hurry. The minimal prep time makes them a go-to recipe for busy individuals and families.

How to Serve Chickpea Salad Cups: Versatile and Fun

Chickpea Salad Cups are incredibly versatile and can be served in various ways, making them perfect for different occasions. Here are some creative and delicious serving suggestions:

• Classic Lettuce Cups:
  • Butter Lettuce: Delicate and tender, butter lettuce cups offer a soft and slightly sweet base.
  • Romaine Lettuce: Sturdy and crunchy, romaine lettuce cups provide a more substantial and refreshing bite.
  • Endive Spears: Elegant and slightly bitter, endive spears create sophisticated and visually appealing cups.
• Vegetable Cups:
  • Bell Pepper Halves: Cut bell peppers in half and remove seeds to create colorful and crunchy bowls. Red, yellow, or orange bell peppers add sweetness, while green bell peppers offer a slightly more bitter flavor.
  • Cucumber Rounds: Thick slices of cucumber can be scooped out slightly to form refreshing and hydrating cups.
  • Tomato Cups: Hollowed-out tomatoes make juicy and flavorful cups, especially during tomato season.
  • Zucchini Boats: Halved and scooped zucchini can be lightly grilled or raw to create larger, more filling vegetable boats.
• Crackers and Bread:
  • Crackers: Serve chickpea salad with your favorite crackers for a quick and easy appetizer or snack. Whole-wheat crackers, gluten-free crackers, or even pita chips work well.
  • Toast Points: Spread chickpea salad on toasted baguette slices or other crusty bread for a more substantial appetizer or light meal.
  • Sandwiches and Wraps: Use chickpea salad as a filling for sandwiches on whole-wheat bread, croissants, or pita bread. It also works wonderfully in wraps with tortillas or lettuce wraps for a lighter option.
• Salad Platter:
  • Alongside a Green Salad: Serve chickpea salad as a scoop on top of a bed of mixed greens for a complete and balanced salad meal.
  • Part of a Mezze Platter: Include chickpea salad as part of a Mediterranean-inspired mezze platter with hummus, olives, pita bread, and other dips and spreads.
• Appetizer and Party Options:
  • Mini Lettuce Cups: Create bite-sized appetizers by using smaller lettuce leaves or endive spears and spooning in a smaller amount of chickpea salad.
  • Canapés: Spread chickpea salad on small crackers or toast points and garnish for elegant canapés.
  • Stuffed Celery Sticks: Fill celery sticks with chickpea salad for a classic and crunchy appetizer.
• Picnic and Lunchbox Ideas:
  • Pack Separately: Pack chickpea salad and lettuce cups separately in containers for picnics or lunchboxes to prevent the lettuce from wilting. Assemble just before eating.
  • In a Bento Box: Include chickpea salad cups as part of a balanced and fun bento box lunch.

Serving Tips:

• Serve chilled: Chickpea Salad Cups are best served chilled for optimal flavor and texture.
• Assemble just before serving: To prevent lettuce cups from becoming soggy, assemble the salad cups just before serving.
• Garnish for visual appeal: Garnish with fresh herbs, red pepper flakes, or a drizzle of olive oil for added flavor and visual appeal.
• Offer variety: When serving for gatherings, offer a variety of lettuce cup options and toppings to cater to different preferences.

No matter how you choose to serve them, Chickpea Salad Cups are a delightful and versatile dish that is sure to be a hit.

Additional Tips for Perfect Chickpea Salad Cups

Elevate your Chickpea Salad Cups from good to absolutely amazing with these five additional tips:

1. Don’t Overmix for Texture: While it’s important to combine the ingredients thoroughly, avoid overmixing the chickpea salad. Overmixing can lead to a mushy, paste-like texture. Aim for a chunky salad where you can still distinguish the mashed chickpeas and the diced vegetables. Gentle mixing is key to maintaining a satisfying texture. Think of it as folding the ingredients together rather than vigorously stirring.
2. Adjust Seasoning to Your Taste: Seasoning is crucial in any recipe, and chickpea salad is no exception. The recipe provides a starting point for salt, pepper, lemon juice, and Dijon mustard, but your taste preferences may vary. Always taste the salad after mixing and adjust the seasoning accordingly. Do you prefer a tangier salad? Add more lemon juice or Dijon mustard. Want more savory flavor? Add a pinch more salt or garlic powder. Like a touch of heat? A pinch of red pepper flakes can make a big difference. Seasoning is a personal preference, so don’t be afraid to experiment and find your perfect balance.
3. Make it Ahead for Flavor Development: While Chickpea Salad Cups are quick to prepare, making the chickpea salad ahead of time (at least 30 minutes to a few hours before serving) allows the flavors to meld and deepen. As the salad sits in the refrigerator, the ingredients harmonize, resulting in a more flavorful and cohesive dish. This make-ahead quality makes chickpea salad perfect for meal prep or for preparing in advance for gatherings. Just remember to store the chickpea salad and lettuce cups separately and assemble them just before serving to prevent the lettuce from wilting.
4. Customize with Your Favorite Flavors: The basic chickpea salad recipe is a fantastic starting point, but don’t hesitate to customize it with your favorite flavors and ingredients. Get creative and experiment with different herbs, spices, and additions. Try adding chopped dill, chives, or cilantro instead of parsley for a different herb profile. Incorporate spices like curry powder, smoked paprika, or cumin for a warm and aromatic twist. Add-ins like sun-dried tomatoes, roasted red peppers, olives, or artichoke hearts can also elevate the flavor and texture. Think about your favorite salad flavors and see how you can incorporate them into your chickpea salad.
5. Use Quality Mayonnaise (or Alternatives): The mayonnaise is a significant component of chickpea salad, contributing to its creaminess and flavor. Using a good quality mayonnaise can make a noticeable difference in the overall taste. Consider using an olive oil-based mayonnaise for a healthier option or a vegan mayonnaise for a plant-based version. If you are looking for a lighter alternative to mayonnaise, you can substitute part of it with Greek yogurt or mashed avocado. Greek yogurt will add tanginess and reduce fat, while avocado will provide creaminess and healthy fats. Experiment with different types of mayonnaise or alternatives to find your preferred flavor and texture.

By following these tips, you can create Chickpea Salad Cups that are not only delicious and healthy but also perfectly tailored to your taste preferences.

FAQ: Your Chickpea Salad Cup Questions Answered

Here are some frequently asked questions about Chickpea Salad Cups to help you make the most of this recipe:

Q1: Can I make Chickpea Salad Cups vegan?

A: Yes, absolutely! Chickpea Salad Cups can easily be made vegan by simply using vegan mayonnaise. There are many excellent vegan mayonnaise brands available that offer a creamy texture and delicious flavor very similar to traditional mayonnaise. Ensure you check the ingredient list of your mayonnaise to confirm it is vegan. All other ingredients in the basic recipe are naturally plant-based, making this a very vegan-friendly dish with just one simple substitution.

Q2: How long does chickpea salad last in the refrigerator?

A: Chickpea salad will generally last for 3-4 days in an airtight container in the refrigerator. For optimal freshness and flavor, it’s best to consume it within 3 days. Make sure to store it promptly after preparing to maintain its quality and prevent bacterial growth. While the salad is safe to eat for up to 4 days, the texture and flavor may start to degrade slightly over time, especially if it contains fresh vegetables like celery and onion. It’s best to prepare only the amount you plan to consume within a few days to ensure the best quality.

Q3: Can I freeze chickpea salad?

A: Freezing chickpea salad is not recommended. Mayonnaise-based salads, including chickpea salad, tend to change texture when frozen and thawed. The mayonnaise can separate, becoming watery and less creamy, and the vegetables may become mushy. While technically safe to eat after thawing, the texture and overall quality will likely be compromised. It’s best to prepare chickpea salad fresh or store it in the refrigerator for a few days rather than freezing it.

Q4: What are some good substitutions for mayonnaise in chickpea salad?

A: If you are looking for mayonnaise alternatives, there are several options that can provide creaminess and flavor to chickpea salad:

• Greek Yogurt: Plain Greek yogurt is a healthy and lower-fat alternative to mayonnaise. It adds tanginess and creaminess. You can substitute all or part of the mayonnaise with Greek yogurt.
• Avocado: Mashed avocado provides a creamy texture and healthy fats. It will impart an avocado flavor to the salad, which can be a delicious addition.
• Hummus: A small amount of hummus can add creaminess and a nutty, savory flavor to the salad.
• Cashew Cream: For a vegan and rich alternative, cashew cream (made by blending soaked cashews with water) can provide a smooth and creamy texture.
• Olive Oil and Lemon Juice: For a lighter and oil-based dressing, you can use a mixture of olive oil and lemon juice as a substitute for mayonnaise. This will result in a less creamy but still flavorful salad.

Experiment with these substitutions to find your preferred flavor and texture.

Q5: Can I make Chickpea Salad Cups gluten-free?

A: Yes, Chickpea Salad Cups are naturally gluten-free as long as you serve them in gluten-free lettuce cups or vegetable cups. All the ingredients in the basic chickpea salad recipe – chickpeas, mayonnaise, vegetables, herbs, lemon juice, mustard, and seasonings – are gluten-free. When serving with crackers or bread, ensure you choose gluten-free options if you need to maintain a gluten-free diet. Always double-check the labels of all ingredients, especially mayonnaise and mustard, to ensure they are certified gluten-free if you have celiac disease or a severe gluten intolerance.

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